Copytrack’ Global Copyright Register’
INTRODUCTION
Since 2015, COPYTRACK has provided rights-holders with an overview of the usa-ge of their online creative works and com-bated illicit usage of their intellectual pro-perty. COPYTRACK has now emerged as the market leader and offers an effortless way for rights-holders to monetize their work.
Digital content management faces two types of challenges — those faced by users, and those faced by rights-holders. Users often misunderstand the usage of digital images online and the corresponding licen-sing options. In addition, they also lack ac-cess to licensing platforms and the ability to acquire usage rights in a timely manner.
On the other hand, rights-holders have few or no methods to prove ownership of original content and derivative work. Also, they often have inadequate tools to track the usage of their copyrighted images and identify violations. If a violation can be iden-tified, there are even fewer solutions avai-lable due to the global footprint of market participants.
Both users and rights-holders are faced with the challenge of reducing the cost of payments, so as to allow affordable purcha-se of use-rights for users and the maximiz ation of revenue for right sholders. In addi-tion, both groups struggle with facilitating seamless and timely settlement of payments. These industry problems are further detailed in Section 2.
CopyTrack’s solution is the creation of a distributed database and ledger whose core purpose is to store a decentralized copyright registry for digital content which authenticates users and links digital intel-lectual property. This registry will generate a unique ecosystem for rightsholders and open new, efficient markets. This paper de-scribes the functionality of the blockchain, including smart contract use cases, in Secti-on 3. Visit the website https://copytrack.io/
WHY BLOCKCHAIN?
The concept of using the Bitcoin block-chain to notarize data by publishing a hash of the data in a Bitcoin transaction is not new [1]. As such, it is easy to see that the core model of the decentralized registrar is to create a database to store the current and historical information about digital content: its identifying hash, the public key of the owner and past owners, and the pay-ment history to the rights-holder by anyo-ne who uses the registered digital content. Smart contracts are used to modify the sta-te of the digital content.
A smart contract can interact with or modify digital content in three ways. First, users can seamlessly pay rights-holders to use their digital content. Also, rightsholders can transfer ownership or codify different rights. The native token is used as a payment to execute the various smart contracts. The
methodologies for each of these interactions are described more fully in Section 3.3.
methodologies for each of these interactions are described more fully in Section 3.3.
At its current performance, Bitcoin can handle about five transactions per second, and each transaction costs approximately $0.50 USD [2]. Because of this limitation, it becomes economically infeasible to integrate large volumes of data for pre-existing digital content on the Bitcoin, or any platform’s, blockchain.
Due to the current total number and future projections of available digital media (see Figure 1), it is necessary to develop a highly scalable method to store a large amount of identifying hashes in a custom blockchain built for this specific task.
Details of the Proof-of-Stake consensus protocol can be found in Section 3.1. To achieve high scalability, the ledger balance will be stored as Unspent Transaction Outputs (UTXOs), which are discussed in Section 3.2.
3.1. Consensus protocol
We choose Proof-of-Stake (PoS) as our consensus model for many reasons which relate to problems inherent in Proof-of Work (PoW). First, obtaining proper decentralization while achieving an unbounded solution to the Byzantine Generals’ problem via Proof-of-Work, also known as Nakamoto Consensus, requires the calculation of a non-trivial computationally intensive problem. Often such problems are memory-bound or bandwidth-limited. In other words, the time to solution is related to the speed and size of the memory bus. The larger and faster the memory bus width is, the
more efficiently the algorithm can perform. As a natural consequence, bitcoin mining, which currently uses the SHA 256d hash as PoW, evolved from first running on CPUs to GPUs as specialists ported the algorithm of the hash function to run on GPUs. Eventually, Field Programmable Gate Arrays (FPGAs) were used to prototype the first custom Application Specific Integrated Circuits, or (ASICs), with each generation being more efficient than the last. Numerous algorithms have followed the same development process as SHA-256d.
more efficiently the algorithm can perform. As a natural consequence, bitcoin mining, which currently uses the SHA 256d hash as PoW, evolved from first running on CPUs to GPUs as specialists ported the algorithm of the hash function to run on GPUs. Eventually, Field Programmable Gate Arrays (FPGAs) were used to prototype the first custom Application Specific Integrated Circuits, or (ASICs), with each generation being more efficient than the last. Numerous algorithms have followed the same development process as SHA-256d.
Due to economies of scale, large mining operations are more efficient than smaller ones. One could argue that the development of ASICs exacerbated this threat to decentralization. Still, large GPU farms convey the same threats as ASIC farms, i.e. those due to mining centralization. One cause of centralization is the availability of the GPUs on the retail market. Currently, a worldwide shortage of GPUs exists, as can be seen by lack of availability. This is most likely due to the unforeseen demand for GPUs in cryptocurrency miners caused by the rapid increase in the market capitalization
of GPU-minable coins.
of GPU-minable coins.
On the other hand, various Proof-of-Stake models provide a similar level of security in the same manner as Proof-of-Work. However, the original PoS model suffers from coin-age attacks and is now rarely used. Ignoring any academic PoS models, such as Snow White [6] or Sleepy [6], as few open-source projects have put these
into practice, the state of the art is PoS 3.0, as detailed by the Blackcoin developers in [3]. PoS 3.0 theoretically rewards node operators which stake their coins longer while giving no incentive to coin owners who do not participate in securing the network and leave their wallets offline. As such, the PoS 3.0 consensus model has been chosen for our blockchain.
into practice, the state of the art is PoS 3.0, as detailed by the Blackcoin developers in [3]. PoS 3.0 theoretically rewards node operators which stake their coins longer while giving no incentive to coin owners who do not participate in securing the network and leave their wallets offline. As such, the PoS 3.0 consensus model has been chosen for our blockchain.
3.2. UTXO
The UTXO model consists of a forest structure that tracks the history of a unit. Roots are coin-creation events, such as rewards obtained from PoW or PoS, and have no input transactions. By definition, all leaves are unspent transaction outputs. When a leaf branches or sprouts a new limb, the leaf becomes an inner node of the graph. During this process, the unspent transaction output is consumed and used as the input of a new unspent transaction output. Using this
model, one can transparently trace back the history of each transaction through the public ledger. The UTXO model inherently allows for parallel processing capabilities to initialize transactions among multiple addresses, indicating its scalability. The current industry leader for smart contract platforms is Ethereum, which uses Solidity — a Javascript resembling Turing-complete language, for coding smart contracts. Despite a flaw in the Parity Wallet written in Solidity and the DAO attack, Solidity is currently the leading smart-contract language. For this reason, smart contracts for our
blockchain will be Ethereum Virtual Machine (EVM) compatible.
model, one can transparently trace back the history of each transaction through the public ledger. The UTXO model inherently allows for parallel processing capabilities to initialize transactions among multiple addresses, indicating its scalability. The current industry leader for smart contract platforms is Ethereum, which uses Solidity — a Javascript resembling Turing-complete language, for coding smart contracts. Despite a flaw in the Parity Wallet written in Solidity and the DAO attack, Solidity is currently the leading smart-contract language. For this reason, smart contracts for our
blockchain will be Ethereum Virtual Machine (EVM) compatible.
Different from the UTXO model, Ethereum is an account based system [5]. In that design, each account experiences direct value and information transfers with state transitions, similar to a real world bank account. Every newly generated block GLOBAL COPYRIGHT REGISTER: TECHNICAL PAPER 5 potentially influences the global status of other accounts. Every account has its own balance, storage and code-space base for calling other accounts or addresses, and stores respective execution results. In the existing Ethereum account system, users perform P2P transactions via client remote
procedure calls.
procedure calls.
Although sending messages to more accounts via smart contracts is possible, these internal transactions are only visible in the balance of each account; thus, tracking them on the public ledger of Ethereum is a challenge. Because of these limitations, Ethereum currently suffers from a scalability bottleneck and isn’t suitable for the core usage of our proposed global registry. Co sequently, we will adopt the innovative design of Bitcoin-network UTXO model.
3.3. Content as a Smart Contract
We introduce the notion of „Content as Smart Contracts.“ When content is recorded on our blockchain, it will be included in the database as a smart contract, with a state that initially contains several pieces of information:
1) a hash of the digital content, and
2) the (hash of the) public key of the content owner.
1) a hash of the digital content, and
2) the (hash of the) public key of the content owner.
The history of the state of the registered content is then stored automatically in the blockchain database. The state of the content is updated with the hash of the appropriate message signed with the private key which corresponds to the public key of the current owner. For instance, changing the ownership of the content can be done by hashing a signed message which contains the new owner’s public key and the amount of CPY for the sale. Owners of registered content can also be paid seamlessly by deriving a fixed address from their public key for all payments.
In order to execute a smart contract, a dynamic amount of CPY must be used as payment, akin to Ethereum’s and Qtum’s gas model. Payment is not necessary for registering content as content creators and rights-owners will go through our KYC process to prove they have they right to register content.
By utilizing trustless smart contracts and defining atomic functions that can change the state of the content, we can eliminate costly middle men. Content registration, proof of ownership, and payment to copyright holders has never been easier. Visit website https://copytrack.io/
Roadmap
The Team
CHIEF EXECUTIVE OFFICER
MARCUS SCHMITT
in
Marcus is a serial entrepreneur and executive manager with more than 20 years of experience in founding scaling and management of startups, SMEs and enterprises. Previous to COPYTRACK, he scaled the business of “flightright” as CEO, now leading the market of legal enforcement of claims arising from flight delays and cancellations. Marcus spent three years as Vice President for the EU market at an international consultancy, and many years as a consultant for internationalization.
MARCUS SCHMITT
in
Marcus is a serial entrepreneur and executive manager with more than 20 years of experience in founding scaling and management of startups, SMEs and enterprises. Previous to COPYTRACK, he scaled the business of “flightright” as CEO, now leading the market of legal enforcement of claims arising from flight delays and cancellations. Marcus spent three years as Vice President for the EU market at an international consultancy, and many years as a consultant for internationalization.
CHIEF TECHNOLOGY OFFICER
STEFAN BÄR
in
More than 15 years of professional experience as an IT expert & manager of software development. Stefan studied IT-systems engineering at Hasso-Plattner-Institute (HPI) and Information Technology at University of Potsdam. In 2009, Stefan founded PIXRAY GmbH (competitor) based on his research and master thesis in the area of image recognition. He is responsible for research & technology development, IT infrastructure and services.
STEFAN BÄR
in
More than 15 years of professional experience as an IT expert & manager of software development. Stefan studied IT-systems engineering at Hasso-Plattner-Institute (HPI) and Information Technology at University of Potsdam. In 2009, Stefan founded PIXRAY GmbH (competitor) based on his research and master thesis in the area of image recognition. He is responsible for research & technology development, IT infrastructure and services.
HEAD OF OPERATIONS
SANDRO MÄDER
in
Experienced operations and project manager with international background. Studied economic science at HTW University in Berlin, Germany. Before his current role at Copytrack, Sandro worked as the Operations Manager at VJSUAL, a company producing digital explainer videos, interactive videos and screen casts.
SANDRO MÄDER
in
Experienced operations and project manager with international background. Studied economic science at HTW University in Berlin, Germany. Before his current role at Copytrack, Sandro worked as the Operations Manager at VJSUAL, a company producing digital explainer videos, interactive videos and screen casts.
HEAD OF LEGAL
MARIE SLOWIOCZEK-MANNSFELD
in
Experienced lawyer with a focus on intellectual property and copyright law. Studied law in Berlin, Germany, and Dublin, Ireland and Prague, Czech Republic. Prior to joining COPYTRACK, Marie worked several years as a lawyer at Haerting Lawyers in Berlin, specializing in IP, Copyright and IT law.
MARIE SLOWIOCZEK-MANNSFELD
in
Experienced lawyer with a focus on intellectual property and copyright law. Studied law in Berlin, Germany, and Dublin, Ireland and Prague, Czech Republic. Prior to joining COPYTRACK, Marie worked several years as a lawyer at Haerting Lawyers in Berlin, specializing in IP, Copyright and IT law.
J. KRAPP
Head of Software Development
Head of Software Development
G. PETER
Senior Software Development
Senior Software Development
D. SKODAWESSELY
Head of QA
Head of QA
F. STACHOWIAK
Controlling & Business Intelligence
Controlling & Business Intelligence
N. HARTMANN
Team Lead USA
Team Lead USA
S. NAKANO
Team Lead JAPAN
Team Lead JAPAN
YI-AN KO
Team Lead APAC
Team Lead APAC
J. GROH
Team Lead Online Marketing
Team Lead Online Marketing
P TESKE
Team Lead Customer Service
Team Lead Customer Service
M. EISING
Team Lead Content Marketing
Team Lead Content Marketing
S. DAHMEN
Team Lead Legal Research
Team Lead Legal Research
P. REICHEL
Team Lead Legal Collection
Team Lead Legal Collection
J. APPLEBY
Community Manager UK/US
Community Manager UK/US
C. BRIESE
Image Agencies and Publishers
Image Agencies and Publishers
L. BOUERES
Case Management
Case Management
S. HÖTTINGER
Case Management
Case Management
Advisory Team
Advisor Business Model, Marketing & Sales
D. EIBA
in
Daniel is a business and operations executive with more than 14 years of experience in developing products, driving growth and monetization in digital content. He served in several leadership roles at Yahoo!, Flickr, Table.co and Uniplaces. As a former Director of Flickr, he knows the nuances of the picture business.
D. EIBA
in
Daniel is a business and operations executive with more than 14 years of experience in developing products, driving growth and monetization in digital content. He served in several leadership roles at Yahoo!, Flickr, Table.co and Uniplaces. As a former Director of Flickr, he knows the nuances of the picture business.
Advisor Intl. Finance, Tax
S. MANNSFELD
in
Sebastian is a global business operations manager holding 15 years of combined Finance and IT experience. He served in several roles at PricewaterhouseCoopers, Bearing Point, Gazprom and General Electric where he acquired his wide international taxation, accounting and financing knowledge.
S. MANNSFELD
in
Sebastian is a global business operations manager holding 15 years of combined Finance and IT experience. He served in several roles at PricewaterhouseCoopers, Bearing Point, Gazprom and General Electric where he acquired his wide international taxation, accounting and financing knowledge.
Advisor IT-Security
S. SCHUMANN
in
Sascha is CEO of Germany’s Myra Security, helping governments and global E-Commerce companies to protect themselves against permanent online threats. He is a member of the PHP Group which oversees the well-being of the OpenSource language PHP.
S. SCHUMANN
in
Sascha is CEO of Germany’s Myra Security, helping governments and global E-Commerce companies to protect themselves against permanent online threats. He is a member of the PHP Group which oversees the well-being of the OpenSource language PHP.
Advisor Investments & Investor
N. OKUBO
in
Noriaki has been in the technology sector for the past 15 years. He is currently Managing partner at Scentan Ventures, which is a venture capital firm focused on technology. He also serves as a board member for several companies including Tradeshift, where he leads the 75.000.000 USD Series C Round.
N. OKUBO
in
Noriaki has been in the technology sector for the past 15 years. He is currently Managing partner at Scentan Ventures, which is a venture capital firm focused on technology. He also serves as a board member for several companies including Tradeshift, where he leads the 75.000.000 USD Series C Round.
Advisor Cryptocurrency
K. SHISHIDO
in
Ken is one of Japan’s most famous Bitcoin and Cryptocurrency Advocates. He is Co-Organizer of the Bitcoin Tokyo Meetup Group, which was founded by Roger Ver. Ken serves as an Advisor to many crypto startups and frequently speaks at crypto meetups and events. Ken is a Libertarian and believes in liberty and free market competition.
K. SHISHIDO
in
Ken is one of Japan’s most famous Bitcoin and Cryptocurrency Advocates. He is Co-Organizer of the Bitcoin Tokyo Meetup Group, which was founded by Roger Ver. Ken serves as an Advisor to many crypto startups and frequently speaks at crypto meetups and events. Ken is a Libertarian and believes in liberty and free market competition.
Advisor Cryptocurrency
A. KOENIG
in
Aaron is an entrepreneur, consultant and writer specialising in BTC and Blockchain. He has been promoting Bitcoin and Blockchain technology since 2011 by writing and by organizing events and meetups. He has also been a speaker and panelist at numerous conferences. He is the bestselling author of the books A Beginner’s Guide to Bitcoin and Investing in Digital Currencies.
A. KOENIG
in
Aaron is an entrepreneur, consultant and writer specialising in BTC and Blockchain. He has been promoting Bitcoin and Blockchain technology since 2011 by writing and by organizing events and meetups. He has also been a speaker and panelist at numerous conferences. He is the bestselling author of the books A Beginner’s Guide to Bitcoin and Investing in Digital Currencies.
More Detail Informations :
Website : https://copytrack.io/
Telegram : https://t.me/copytrackhq
Steemit : https://steemit.com/@copytrackhq
Facebook : https://www.facebook.com/COPYTRACK/
Twitter : https://twitter.com/copytrackhq/
Bitcointalk Profile : https://bitcointalk.org/index.php?action=profile;u=1640802
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